2 Corinthians 2

 Good morning. Sorry for ditching you all yesterday. It was a long and hard day!

Sherri has been sick (again) for the last several days- really bad and aggressive head cold and probably bronchitis at this point. The kids left Sunday after lunch. My morning "coffee buddy" is gone for the week (insert sad face here). 

I slept in until almost 8 AM yesterday! No grandson to wake me up! Then had to make a salad for my lectionary group picnic; followed by chores. As I was getting ready to leave for the picnic, the boy from the farm next door flew in on his 4-wheeler, in tears. "There's an emergency at the barn. Can you check my goat? I think she is dead." He is going to 5th grade this fall and was a wreck. I drove up to their house; Dingus was dead. I moved her to a clothes basket that was in the barn, covered her with a blanket that I found; the boy was there, so I asked him if I could pray for Dingus and him. We prayed, he cried, we hugged. We put her into the tack room until I could get back from the picnic. When I got home from picnic, I went up and we dug a hole and buried Dingus after a memorial service. It was so hard seeing him and his twin brother so sad. 

Picnic was good. Petonia Lake in Greene. Quiet, peaceful, no noise, good food! Sherri stayed home and rested and recovered. Seems to be doing much better!

But it was a long day and I had no energy when I got home! So, sorry to disappoint you all and miss posting! Thank you for the grace.

Back to Paul and his troubles with Corinth.

He opens this chapter with another thought on why he didn't visit Corinth. The "yes and no" statements may be clearer now. Donna mentioned it was as if the Corinthians were thinking Paul was "speaking out of both sides of his mouth." Paul changed his plans (for whatever reason) and the Corinthians used it as a criticism for Paul saying that he is unreliable and untrustworthy, If we can't trust him to visit like he said he would, how can we trust him with bigger issues- like God and Jesus! Paul's most recent visit was full of unpleasantness and controversy, so he wanted to spare (himself and) the Corinthians more trouble (v 1). If he brought sorrow and pain every time he visited, then who would they look to for happiness and joy (v 2)? Paul wasn't willing to risk losing the church to some outside agency (Satan?). 

Paul decided that a personal letter would be better than a visit (v 3). Paul could say what he needed to say without the "risk" of aggression or conflict. Paul was hoping that this current letter would get all the hardships on the table; that the Corinthians would change their hearts, and that when Paul did visit, they would all be happy and have joy. I'm sure that Paul, like us, didn't like confronting the Corinthians and telling them they were doing wrong. Do we like starting conflict? Paul (and we) was looked at as the enemy when he offered correction and guidance. We can really feel Paul's compassion for the Corinthians in these words he is writing!

Paul uses some brilliant pastoral wisdom (v 5). Paul is referring to someone specifically that caused grief and sadness to Paul and the community, but he doesn't mention the person's name. It is good to not call out the person directly, but also, others now begin to look at what they have done and wonder if they were the reason for these words from Paul. He may be referring to the man from 1 Corinthians 5 (the one having an incestuous relationship with his step-mother), maybe it is someone different. Paul asks the church to stop punishing the man (v 6). It seems as though the man may have repented, but the church is still excluding him! That never happens in our churches, does it?! Paul's words of wisdom- forgive him, comfort him, love him (vv 7-8). We need more of that in our world! Continued harsh treatment of fellow Christians is a way for Satan to get into our lives (v 11). The more anger and hate we harbor, the easier it is for evil to take control. Theologian John Trapp said (about Satan), "That wily merchant, that greedy blood-sucker, that devoureth not widows' houses, but most men's souls." The failure to show love to a repentant man is the avenue Satan is using. 

Paul mentions a brief visit to Troas (v 12, "a door was opened" in some translations), but Paul wasn't a one-man show and his companion Titus was missing, so he didn't stay. Paul mentioned this to partially explain his lack of visiting Corinth.

Paul comments that he is being led by Jesus (v 14). It seems as though Paul is referring to Jesus/God in almost military terms (victory). Do we look at Jesus/God that way- as generals in an army? The sweet fragrance Paul refers to is also a Roman tradition. As the Romans returned from successful battles, they would burn lots of sweet smelling incense. In Paul's mind, this incense was like the wisdom of God. The "sweet smell" may also be a reference to the sacrifices that were made at the altars to God. The sweet smelling incense that was burned at the Roman victory parades were joyful for the victors, but not so much for the people that lost (vv 15-16). In the same way, the Gospel message is sweet smelling and victorious for some, but a message of condemnation for others!

Paul ends this chapter by saying they are not in this job for profit or to make a quick buck! They (Paul and his companions) are in the field of ministry to make a change in the world not to make money quickly!

It is good to be back! Possibly date day in Ithaca!

Enjoy the beauty of the day!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

2 Corinthians 1

 What a busy day already- and its only 1030AM!! Kids are beginning to pack things up. They will be leaving Sunday for the entire week- Lauren has on-site in-service the whole week, so they will be staying with friends. The house will be quite then! They make their final move to Balston Spa on Tuesday, Sept 7. I am going to miss them- and the kid especially. We have a morning routine now. I always have coffee when I get up. Now Joseph sits with me and has "coffee" (whole milk with some vanilla and cinnamon added and then heated slightly), We sit at the table and look outside at all the birds and squirrels. We have so much fun!

Paul begins this letter with a typical greeting- but adds "by God's will" I am an apostle (v 1). Paul was held in low regard with the Corinthians, and he needed to remind them of his calling! Note he is also with Timothy here. Remember- the church in Corinth was planted in early 50AD; 1 Corinthians was written maybe 54- 56 AD; 2 Corinthians was written a few years after (56-58AD).

Paul opens the letter by praising God who has shown mercy and grace to Paul. We get the feeling through these words that Paul has truly experienced the love and grace of God. Paul uses the word "comfort"; in the original Greek, the word was "paraklesis" which has the idea of strengthening, helping, or making string. It is more than "soothing" One "purpose" of God is to comfort (strengthen) us so that we can in turn comfort (strengthen) others (vv 4-6). How do we "comfort" people in the Greek meaning? Paul mentions the suffering he has endured and seen at the expense of other Christians and that these sufferings strengthen him in his mission (vv 6-7). Are we strengthened when we see suffering of others?

Paul then begins to talk about the troubles he experienced in Asia. We don't know the exact troubles he had, but obviously (?) some type of persecution. There are some indications through other historical accounts of severe beatings he may have encountered, an encounter with "wild beasts", or a flare-up of some physical issue he had. Whatever it was, it seems like Paul was ready for death at any moment (vv 8- 9). Paul put his entire trust and hope in God (vv 9- 10) and seems to have been saved form whatever was troubling him. He asks the Corinthians (even the Corinthians!) for intercessory prayer (we have mentioned many times about the power of prayer from others).

Paul then seems to begin boasting about his mission and ministry. The Corinthians had become cynical in their dealings with "ministers" and they didn't really trust any of the travelling missionaries- they had been burned too many times. Paul deals with this cynicism by telling them exactly who he is and what he stands for and the good work that he has done. How cynical are we in religious circles? Paul essentially says he is honest and there are no hidden meanings in his words, there is no ulterior motive in his ministry other than teaching about God. 

One point that upset and caused mistrust in the Corinthians is that Paul was supposed to visit them earlier in his ministry. To "please" them, Paul made changes to his trip and stopped both before going to Macedonia and then on his way back; they were to get two visits when they were only to get one (vv 15- 16). However, we see this will change later; apparently his first visit was too awful and he decided not to visit the second time!

God is faithful though (v 18); and so was Paul- for him yes means yes and no means no (v 18). God is tat way; Jesus is that way. When God says yes- God means yes; when God says no- God means no! Simple as that (I really don't get what Paul is saying in vv 18-20, help me if you can!)

Paul insists that he didn't come for a second trip so that they could be spared persecution (vv 23-24). My guess is that the no-Christians (Romans et al.) were having issues with the church and the Christians, so they were beginning to beat and persecute the Christians (just a guess?).

Tough chapter to begin with. Easy to understand the first half, but the second half I struggled! Sorry!

Maybe with a second reading this weekend I can figure out more!

Have a good weekend and find peace!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 16

 Yikes! It was a warm one yesterday! Summer is here a few more days! Nice beautiful morning. Elderberry- chocolate chip scones are in the oven for our "breakfast with the pastor"...house smells delicious! It is going to be a good day!

Paul seems to be responding to a question about a monetary offering asked by the Corinthian church. Paul refers to the Galatian church; in his letter to them, he asked that they offer money to Jerusalem for the care of the poor and widows. It seems as though Paul is asking the same thing of the Corinthian church. Their method of giving was to be systematic ("on the first day of the week" v 2); the first day of the week is Sunday. It is expected of everyone ("each one of you"). The amount of your offering is dependent upon how much you make ("as you have been blessed"). Paul asked that they collection be done before he got there; he didn't want to seem manipulative or seem to be the one taking the money from them (he asked that one of their people take the offering to Jerusalem, v 3).

Paul is currently in Ephesus (v 8) and will be staying there a while; he seems like he has his hands full in Ephesus doing ministry among a hostile crowd (v 9). After Ephesus, he will be going to Macedonia, and will likely stop in Corinth along the way (v 5).

Paul had trouble with the Corinthian Christians not welcoming him and accepting his authority; how would they receive Timothy (v 10)?! We are not sure where Timothy is, but Paul expects a visit.

Paul closes with words of encouragement and strength. The Corinthians are really struggling and Paul's desire is that they remember what Jesus did and the grace offered from God (vv 13- 14). 

Stephanus was the head of the household; Fortunatus and Achaius were his two slaves (vv 15-17). These were the three men that brought the letter to Paul. Paul was grateful for their visit and their encouragement to him; something that the church wasn't doing for Paul (v 18).

Paul adds greetings from the Ephesian church that meets in the home of Priscilla and Aquila (v 19). Closing with words of love and peace, we can sense Paul's love for the church in general. 

This was an interesting letter. We can definitely sense that there were issues in the Corinthian church and we can see Paul's love for that church. The first letter seems cold and stern, almost disciplinary in nature. The next letter, 2 Corinthians, is more loving and personal; he really pours put his heart to the people in the second letter. We will read about his hopes, fears, joys, concerns, love and pain- something Paul doesn't really share. It will be interesting to see this side of Paul.

Have a great day and tomorrow we begin 2 Corinthians.

Peace+
Pastor Paul

 

1 Corinthians 15

 Good morning! What a nice day yesterday...and what a nice day today is going to be! 

Paul begins this chapter with a statement of how the gospel will benefit the people of Corinth. Salvation! Easily said! The benefit exists only if we stand on it and believe it though. The Corinthians, as riotous and carnal as they were, did stand on the gospel. FYI- the word gospel means good news (I think we all knew that) but it is any good news- not just the good news of Christ.

Paul states that the gospel of Christ that he shares was not made up by him but he received it from Christ (based on his statement in Galatians 1:11-12). Paul will describe the events of the life of Christ, facts that can stand the test of time. Our religion is based not on opinion, but on facts. Paul describes the events of Jesus' last day and then the following few days. Death, resurrection, sightings by many. Nobody saw the actual resurrection, nobody was in the tomb during that event- but there were witnesses to both Jesus' death and Jesus after. Peter is mentioned first- there may have had to be some feeling of restoration and comfort between Jesus and Peter after Peter's denial. Paul even says, if you don't believe me- go ask these people that were there (v 6)! The James that Paul mentions (v 7) is likely Jesus' brother, a prominent leader of the church in Acts 15. Notice that there were no women mentioned! The testimony of a woman was not allowed in court- so Paul didn't mention them here either. Surprised?

Paul talks about his pre- and post Jesus life (vv 9-11). He describes how he persecuted Christians and how God's grace changed his life. Once full of hate- now full of love. You can really feel Paul's love for God and Jesus in these statements. I am sue we all know people like Paul...maybe some of us are like Paul.

The Corinthians Christians did not reject the resurrection of Jesus, but they did reject the resurrection of people. Possibly influenced by Greek teachings or teachings from the Sadducees, they just could not get the idea of human resurrection straight in their minds. If Christ rose- then so will others! The resurrection is core to our life as Christians. An essential part of our faith is the belief in resurrection. 

Adam gets the "blame" for our death in sin; Christ is the one who can reverse all that (vv 21-22). Jesus is sometimes referred to as the Second Adam, the one that undoes the sin that the First Adam brought to the world. 

Paul then discusses the return of Christ and the resurrection of believers. There will be destruction of  enemies (Satan and Satan's angels and followers). The last enemy that will be crushed is death. Paul continues to stress the concept of resurrection and life for eternity. We can really feel Paul's passion for preaching and teaching in these lines. The people of Corinth should be getting the same feeling and ideas that we have about resurrection!

A big question that exists is what kind of body will we have after the resurrection. Paul makes an analogy of a farmer planting seed. When I plant a corn seed- I get a plant that comes out, something so very different; we don't get big corn seeds to come out of the ground. The same will be for us and our resurrected bodies. After we are "planted" something better and greater will happen. Paul doesn't tell us what we will be like- he probably doesn't know completely. Reading his description of celestial beauty and glory, we can assume that we will be something great! We may not have a physical body, but instead a spiritual body.

We are all made in the physical image of the first Adam- from the dust of the earth. Our spiritual body will be in the image of the Second Adam- Christ. Our physical material bodies cannot inherit God's kingdom- only spiritual bodies can. So, we must be resurrected to inherit the kingdom. We aren't sure when this is going to happen, but Paul assumes it will be in his lifetime (v 51) as some "will not sleep in death." The resurrections will happen immediately and without hesitation. We can feel the glory and power in these words from Paul!

New life will happen and new spiritual beings will arise. Death will never happen again (v 55). 

I love the closing words from Paul (v 58). Stand strong! 

This was a great piece of literature from Paul. I really enjoyed his enthusiasm and passion. He really was a good and faithful person!

Have a great day. Stay cool!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 14

 Good morning! What a beautiful morning it is...following a beautiful sunset last night! Not sure if you had the chance to see it but it was so amazing. Photos don't do it justice- but here is my attempt!

God was listening to our conversations about love, and this is God's love for us!

After Paul spent the entire chapter on love and defining what love is and what it isn't, Paul says- go for it! Seek love (v 1). There is nothing wrong with wanting to find the true love that Paul speaks about. We all long for that. We should also desire spiritual gifts- as long as it doesn't begin to consume our whole essence. Our main pursuit should be love, follow by the healthy pursuit of gifts and determining which gifts we have. According to Paul, we should seek the gift of prophecy (v 1)! Based on the conversation that follows, the Corinthian church was more interested in gifts of tongues, but Paul says we should strive for prophecy.

According to Paul, gifts of tongues is between man and God, not man and man (v 2); this puts Acts 2 in a different light! This "language" is not meant to be understood by people, but by God. And the Spirit acts through that. Thoughts?

Prophesy, on the other hand, is directed to people (v 3). God speaking through people so people can understand. The purpose of prophesy is to educate, encourage, and comfort people with a goal of helping all people (v 4). Paul values the gift of tongues (v 5), but put in a practical sense, prophesy is better since all can understand it. If someone comes to you speaking a different language and you don't understand it- what good is it? There is no benefit (unless there is someone there to translate). 

Paul likens the speaking of tongues to some musical instruments that are out of tune and not in synch (v 7). I can remember when our kids did music lessons in school (Lauren flute, Morgan clarinet). When they first started, we encouraged them and they would quiz us as to what song they were playing. It was hard! The better they got, the more we were able to pick out the song. That's what Paul is saying about speaking in tongues. We should use our gifts to strengthen the church (v 12), and speaking in tongues doesn't do that if nobody understands you. 

Paul continues saying if you have the gift of tongues, use it- but at discretion. Use it when appropriate and there is someone to translate; use it to build the church; use it to edify the people. It is believed Paul had the gift of tongues, and he is saying here that he uses it in his devotional time, but not for public gatherings (vv 18-19).

Paul points them to a higher place (vv 20-21). They are selfish in their use of tongues, showing that they are better or more "educated" than those that cannot speak in tongues. Paul sees church meetings as a way for people to gather together and all people can edify all others (v 26). Church meetings are meant to build up the body not break it apart. Are your church meetings like that- building up? Obviously, Paul won't stop speaking in tongues by the Corinthians (v 27) as long as there is someone to translate!

Even as tongues are to be regulated, so should prophecy (v 29). Say what needs to be said, but the people will be prudent to hear and "judge" the accuracy of the words. That's tough. I think we do that at our meetings, but who says their "interpretation" of God's will (and thus their judgement) is accurate? The goal of church meetings (and of God) is to unify the body, not cause disruption (v 33). I know at some of our meetings there is "disruption of the body"!

Next we get to some uncomfortable words from Paul (but we should expect them, based on him and the culture). Women should be quiet and be dependent on their husband for clarification (vv 34- 35). In Jewish synagogues, mane and women sat in separate areas. If a woman called out or asked for clarification, she was punished harshly! It sounds here that the (Gentile) Corinthians adopted the Jewish arrangements. I am not touching these points from Paul!

The ending of the chapter, Paul reiterates- strive for prophecy but if you have the gift of tongues, use it wisely. 

Kind of an odd chapter, but there must have been a question by someone about these gifts especially. 

Have a good day- it is going to be a beauty!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 13

 "Rain, rain, go away!!" Henri sure left an impact for us and many in the New England states! Great weekend here though! I can't believe August is almost over!! Where did the time go...my "honey do" list is still there!!

FYI- I did the Spiritual gifts inventory...my top three were:

• helping/assistance-  the gift of making sure that everything is ready for the work of Christ to occur. 
• teaching- the gift of bringing scriptural and spiritual truths to others
• exhortation- the gift of exceptional encouragement

Those that know me- comments?!

Anyway- we finally come to probably one of the most common pieces of scripture...the chapter on Love! Theologian Campbell Miller wrote that examining this chapter is like dissecting a flower to understand it. You tear it apart too much and you lose it's beauty! Another theologian, Alan Redpath, wrote that one could get a spiritual suntan from reading this chapter!

With that said- how do we discuss what Paul has to say?! Love is superior to any spiritual gift! I think we all know this chapter- and probably even can recite some of the lines by memory! Paul goes through a list of "characteristics" of love. We are doing a sermon series on Christian love. How do you define love? It is difficult to really define that word! I have two close friends that are gong through marital problems and they have come to me to talk (no idea why!). We have spent several hours talking about their spouses and what they feel is going on. I have asked both of them "Is there still love in the relationship" and they both hesitated. What is love?

I don't know the source, but I remember someone saying people with little religion are always noisy (v 1)! If they don't have love of God and love of man filling their heart they are like an empty wagon violently rolling down a hill-- lots of noise with noting in it! Know any people like that?

The Greeks had several words to describe "love"

• eros- the sexual, erotic love
• storge- familial love, the love between kids and parents
• philia- brotherly love and relationship, a deep friendship (Philadelphia- city of brotherly love)
• agape- self-giving love that doesn't expect or demand "repayment", love that loves regardless of the person being loved (think people in nursing and health care generally exhibiting this), self-denial for the sake of others; our English word "agony" comes from agape!

Regardless of what we have and what we do- we are nothing without love! Early Christians believed that martyrdom would wash away all sins. They were proud in their "ability to suffer" for Christ. Paul says that if they didn't have love in their hearts, their suffering meant nothing (v 3). 

Everything described on vv 1-3 (prophecy, tongues, knowledge, faith) is good, but! Without love, they don't really have meaning or value. I think we would agree that we can tell who has love and who is lacking love. I also think we can agree that when someone does something without love- we know!

I have the next set of verses (vv 4-8) bracketed and in the margin I have written "portrait of love- in case you have forgotten!" I don't know if that note was for me or for when I was preaching on this passage! Probably me! The first words Paul uses are "action" words-- love takes energy and action! Love sometimes isn't a feeling- it is an action word- a verb! Paul hen describes things that love is NOT! When I was talking with my two friends from before- I did bring these up in our conversations. It was interesting to hear their responses! We then come to "love's four sweet companions" (Charles Spurgeon's words): strong, believing, hopeful, and enduring (v 7)! I think the key words in this verse is "all things" ALL THINGS! Bears all things! Hopes all things. Believes all things. Endures all things. All things!

Paul ends this chapter with the permeance of love. Love is forever. Paul comments that the gifts of the Spirit may change throughout our life- but love is unchanging and permanent. Paul gives an analogy- as we grow, our actions change. What was cute when we were kids isn't cute when we are teens or adults; what we do as teens is appropriate when we are teens, but we change. That is like the spiritual gifts. They may change as we journey with Christ...actually they do change! But love stays strong and stays permanent. Gifts from the Holy Spirit are to be cherished and are precious, they were never designed to be the focus of our life or our goal as Christians. We are to pursue faith, hope, and love. Are we? But love supersedes all of these! Does it in your life?

I do love this chapter. I do get the feeling of warmth and God's love when I read these words from Paul. I am happy that I have love and have had love for my life. Love is hard though! It takes work and dedication!

I hope you enjoyed the words from Paul...these are some great words!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 12

 Good morning! I hope you all had a good day yesterday. It was mostly an inside day for us with the rain and sprinkles, but it was good. Play time and snack time! We had our final night of vacation Bible school last night. It was a fun week, but I'm tired!

In this chapter, Paul turns his attention to spiritual gifts. Like someone said before, I wish we knew the questions he was responding to. One theologian defines gifts as "gracious endowments leading to miraculous results through the extraordinary influences of the Holy Spirit! Paul reminds them of their past and that they may not all understand the spiritual gifts, but a good judge of the  gift is how does it enable or promote Jesus and the Gospel (v 3). 

The gifts are different, the ministries are different, the activities are different,  there is diversity in the styles, but there is only one source- one Spirit that provides these gifts. Each of us has a unique way we can serve God (vv 4-7). Each of us has different abilities, yet we all have the same goal of bringing people to God. Have you thought of your special gifts that bring people to God? The Holy Spirit is active- if we let it and are receptive to it! Granted, sometimes the Spirit is more apparent than at other times, but it is always there! That presence and our gifts are working together for the benefit of the entire church family- nit just us as an individual. Paul then goes through and describes several spiritual gifts (vv 8-11). An interesting activity to do this weekend is your own spiritual gifts inventory. You can find one here designed by the UMC: UMC Spiritual Gifts

The next set of verses speaks of how we are to all work together with our gifts. I have used these passages in school many times when teaching the kids about how the body works together. We are all special (one of our VBS kids said this several times this week!) and we all work together- like the different organs of our body have to work together for the continuation of life (vv 12-13). Our body is dynamic, our faith and church is dynamic- growing and changing and developing through the years. Each person in the church has a vital role and each person should be "used" to the best of their abilities for the promotion of the Gospel. Are we doing that? In our church, does everyone have a role for the continuation and promotion of the Gospel?

The whole of this chapter is the unique abilities we all have for the promotion of the Gospel and the integrity of the church. Are we utilizing these gifts? Are we working together? Are we unique but the same? Lots of questions and things to think about with these words from Paul.

Have a good weekend and let's report back about our gifts for Monday!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 11

 Good morning! Well we certainly got some rain last night! There was a bucket on the back porch and it had about 4 inches of water in it this morning-- it was empty yesterday! We had planned on doing the Harford Fair today, but I think Fred is going to make us stay home! Guess today will be house cleaning day!! Yahoo!

Today's reading may get interesting! The sub-text in my Bible is "Being Under Authority" and it speaks of women in worship! Paul begins with a simple statement (v 1), "Follow my example, as I follow the example of Christ." Paul knew that he was following Christ's commandments and teachings, so he wasn't afraid to suggest that the Corinthians follow his model. Paul used similar words to Timothy when he told him to be a good model to the believers.  Do we have good models in our churches that are following Jesus? 

I sense some sarcasm from Paul in v 2. The Corinthians didn't really remember all that Paul did for them and they certainly were not following the traditions! I love Paul! Paul now sets forth some regulations and foundations for the rest of the chapter. Paul uses the word "head" a few times. It may mean head as in source, like the headwaters of a stream or a trail head; it may also mean one who has authority and responsibility. In the first case, Paul then says "man came from Jesus, woman came from man, Jesus came from God"( v 3). I think this simplifies the relationship between humanity and God/Jesus; it goes deeper than that. However, we get into some sticky situations with the second concept of "head". I do think that God/Jesus is the head (i.e. has authority over or responsibility for us; and we are responsible to and under the authority of God/Jesus). The part I would disagree with is that men and women are equal- Sherri is definitely not under my authority- we are equals (I hope!). If we look at culture 2000 years ago though, women were under control of their husbands; the husband had control over her and there was no question about that. 

The idea of a head covering (vv 4-5+) may seem strange to us, but the custom was a public symbol of being under authority or control of someone else. In Greek and Roman culture is was a custom and in Jewish tradition is was a law that all women were to have a veil covering their head as all women were under authority of some male; the only women that could go in public without a head covering were the prostitutes. So, the comments made by Paul are: men should not wear head covering when they pray as they are in control and women should wear a head covering as they are under the control of others. Anyone want to comment on that?! Women are free to pray and prophesy in public, but they must show they are under the authority of a man. Regarding the comment of shaving a woman's head (v 5)- that was the punishment (in Judaic culture) of being found guilty of being an adultress (think "The Scarlet Letter"); in Greek culture is was a sign of the woman being "guilty of" adultery or homosexuality. Interesting (and not surprising) there is no corresponding punishment for men being caught in adultery or homosexuality!

Paul continues his statements. Man was created in the image of God, so for a man to cover his head would be a disgrace to God (v 7). Obviously, God created Adam first, then Eve came, so it is ok for a woman to cover her head since she is under man! Some commentaries suggest that this promotes different roles for men and women in the church and the home! I am not even going there! I think you all know me well enough to know my opinion, But if anyone wants to comment- feel free! To further the issue, woman was created for man (v 9). Remember (Genesis 2:18) God created a helper for man. I am not going there either- but feel free to comment!

Paul "redeems" himself somewhat in the next paragraph (not sure if that was the best word, but that's what I am using!). Men and women need each other (v 11). After all the discussion of the subordination of women to men, Paul goes on to stress the partnership of men and women- we do need partners in this world! Paul seems to be talking to Jewish Christians here (v 13) as men (in Jewish culture) did pray with their heads covered (as a sign of respect for God) so a woman should definitely cover her head! To continue, in Jewish and Greek culture, it was a dishonor for men to have long hair (as it was seen as feminine), so women should not cut their hair. The rule was men should not have longer hair than women. Then what about the Nazarites that made a vow not to cut their hair (and Paul was a Nazarene, so he had to have long hair at one time!). Paul then goes on to say a woman's long hair is her head covering- given by God (v 15). Confused yet?!

Phew- glad that's over...now to the Lord's Supper!

Paul begins by complementing them for coming together (v 17) but then slams them hard for being in disagreement! Paul argues that the factions are good though (v 19) as it allows us to see who is working for God and who is working for themselves. Can we see that in our factions in the church? 

Early Christians would combine a "pot-luck" dinner with the celebration of communion. This was the model of Christ; he often ate with lots of people gathered around the table. Since Jesus would often eat with all the disciples and many people from the town, the Corinthians followed that model and would have large community dinners. The issue Paul has is with the party style, free for all type gathering. In these community meals, the upper class would go through the buffet line first; the lower class last. Many times there wasn't enough food left for the lower class (v 21). Class division was a highly recognized difference in ancient cultures. What about our views today on class division? Paul's message is clear- if you want to eat and drink lavishly- do it at home; the community meals are just that- COMMUNITY!

Paul then describes the celebration of Jesus at the "Last Supper." Paul didn't make this up, he received it from Jesus (v 23). Maybe it was direct revelation from Jesus, maybe it was through some of the apostles, maybe it was from some other source (remember, Paul was not in Jesus' group and he was probably a small child when Christ was in active ministry). Paul then goes through the liturgy of the eucharist (Greek for "giving thanks") with the emphasis on remembering Jesus. The eucharist was part of the Passover meal (remembering the exodus of the Hebrew people from Egypt) and celebrated hundreds of years before Jesus; Jesus takes that symbolic breaking of bread and drinking of wine and imparts a new view of these foods. The bread used at the meal was unleavened (yeast was symbolic of bad/evil and needed time to "work"); the bread also probably had small holes in it and had some scorch marks from the grill. Holes symbolic of the holes in Jesus' hands and feet; scorch marks representing the whip marks on his back. There are traditionally four glasses of wine at the Passover meal (there are various things that they represent). Jesus builds a new covenant. How could a mere human develop a new covenant between humans and God?! Different Christian traditions "impose" different understandings of the bread and cup, body and blood, at communion.

Paul teaches that communion must be received with reverence (v 27) and use a spirit of self-examination (v 28). Do we? If we do not approach this sacrament in a holy manner, we are judging ourselves. That is a tough statement from Paul! Do we approach communion with that reverence or has it lost its significance and holiness?

Paul wraps up with- if you're really hungry- stay home (v 33)! And Paul has more to say- but he will address it when he visits. Wait till your father comes home!

Some really interesting words from Paul today! Could bring about some fun conversation!

Have a great rest of the day!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 10

 Good morning! Hoping that you all had a good day yesterday! Today looks like some rain from Fred!

We had another great night at VBS! I really enjoy seeing the kid's energy and appreciate the dedication of my team!

This morning's chapter from Paul brings some stern warnings about the lives that the Corinthians are leading. There are many references to Israel's past and how they treated God! It is an interesting and sobering chapter!

Paul introduced two related concepts in the last two chapters and brings them together in this one. Remember, chapter 8 was about eating the meat offered at temples to gods--  since Christians know there is only one True God, these sacrifices are just "regular" meat and can be eaten by Christians- unless they cause a Brother or Sister to stumble in their faith. Love for others is more important than knowledge. In chapter 9, Paul says that the Christians should give up their "right" to eat the sacrificed meat (as Paul gave up his "right" to be supported by the church in his ministry), especially when it causes someone to question the existence of God. Paul brings these two together in this chapter.

Think of the blessings that the Hebrew people received: they were all protected and guided by the cloud as they left Egypt (v 1, the cloud of Shekinah protected them from the sun during the day and burned like a fiery pillar during the night so they could see their way), they safely passed through the Red Sea as they fled from Egypt (v 2, and also seen as a baptism as they "passed through the waters"), they survived on manna and water that God provided (v 3), Christ (through God) was with the Hebrew people the entire time of their exodus (v 4). Even with all these blessings and provisions, the Hebrew people ignored God- most of them died in the desert (v 5). Only Caleb and Joshua were "allowed" to enter the Promised Land! The point Paul was making was that the Corinthians were becoming like the Hebrew people (vv 7-8). The Corinthians had so many blessings, yet they continue to be promiscuous, eat meat from the temples, carouse the night away, etc! This is a warning from Paul- like the Hebrew people, the Corinthians could be in for a bad future! Paul mentions that in one day, 23,000 people "fell" (v 8); there is no text that says that, but there is text that says 3000 men perished for sexual impurity and 20,000 women perished at the golden calf incident. Maybe he was combining the two? Paul continues giving examples of how the Hebrew people perished as a result of their sins. The message: "Shape up!"

We are to live and learn based on past examples. These stories were written so that we cold see the mistakes from prior people and learn a better way (vv 11- 13). Everyone is vulnerable to temptations; the Corinthians thought they were above that. Temptation is like a rock in a harbor. At low tide, it is easy to see and avoid. But, Satan rises the water and makes the tide come in and covers the rock so we don't see it. Then we crash! Paul is saying that we are all susceptible to temptation and we need to be active against it. 

Now, with all this information, Paul turns back to the meat offered as sacrifices to gods. "Run away" (v 14) is Paul's advice! The idea is that a little meat here and there is ok, but eventually, we would slip into the worship of that idol! If we believe that our communion celebration unites us with other Christians and with Christ (vv 16-17) then eating the meat at the altars unites us with the gods of the temple (vv 18- 20). Some of the gods were good, but some were bad and had ties to demons. Paul says we can't unite the table of God with the table of idols (v 21). The Corinthian Christians thought that as long as they ate at the Lord's table, they were safe, but Paul says this isn't so! So choose wisely!

Even if something is legal- it doesn't mean it is right or good to do (vv 23-24) especially if is causes a brother or sister to stumble! How much can we get away with and still be Christians! The biggest harm is when our actions cause others to stumble. An example for the UMC. At communion, we use grape juice. The idea is that if we are truly open to all we should be open to all. If we use wine at communion, then we are excluding alcoholics. Even though alcohol is legal for adults, it would cause a brother or sister to stumble, We may have to give up some of our rights for the benefit of others.

Paul seems to backtrack in the next few verses (vv 25-26), but what he is saying is that if "sacrificed meat" is sold in the marketplace or the butcher shop- it is ok to eat since there is no remnant of the idol on the meat. If you don't know where the meat came from, you're good too. I don't necessarily agree with this, but this isn't my letter! If you have knowledge that the meat was sacrificed to an idol, you shouldn't eat it; but no knowledge exempts you from the "sin" (vv 27- 28). 

In Paul's closing statement- he has us focus on glory to God. Whatever we do, however we act, we should do it for the glory of God. Our goal is to be good people and to do as best as we can to help others and make sure our actions don't make them stumble. Do good for people. Be good for people. A theme that Jesus taught us!

The basic premise of the chapter- don't do something that will cause a brother or sister to stumble. Love for others is greater than anything!

Have a great day. Stay dry!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 9

 Good morning! It is such a nice sound to wake up to a gentle rain on the roof! Today is going to be a good day! Our first night of VBS was last night and we had a great time. I have a very dedicated and faithful flock that I work for and they all did a great job with the kids! 

This chapter is an interesting one. Paul seems to be defending himself in the words that he writes. People were doubting Paul and Paul's authority, and so he takes this time to outline exactly who he is. Strange place to put these words, but here they are!

Paul begins with three simple but powerful statements: I am an apostle! I am free! I saw Jesus! Paul tells of his "authority" through the fact that he is an apostle and follows nobody or nothing except Christ. He has no commitments to anyone of anything other than God. He also states that he saw Jesus; many people doubted and thought that it was only a vision, but here Paul says it was a real event- in the flesh. His work for God is evidenced in the way that he Corinthian church has started and developed. They are the people they are because of his (and God's) work in them. Surely, this is proof enough!

Paul now goes on the defensive. Paul begins with "we have the right to eat and drink" (v 4). Of course he and the other apostles do! However, Paul was saying that they have the right to do this at the expense of the churches they visit. These words seem different that what Christ taught us (and even what Paul has said a few times), that we should not burden people with our wants and needs when we are evangelizing. Pal continues with "bringing a Christian wife" (v 5). Again, the belief is that saying that the churches they  are visiting should support the entire family that is visiting- not just the apostle. Paul then says that many of the apostles are married and their wives should come along with them. Interesting note, Paul mentions Peter being married. The Roman Catholic tradition has him as the first pope- so what about the celibacy requirement? Then Paul says that, in fact, only he and Barnabas have jobs and support themselves (v 6). The strange thing is, the churches desired to fund the visitors, and this fact (that they had outside jobs) made the Corinthian people uneasy! It is like the Corinthians were saying, "If Paul and Barnabas were real apostles, they would allow us to support them!"

The church supporting the apostles takes a big chunk of text (v 7). Paul defends the concept of churches supporting the apostles. Churches do support their pastors now. Many, especially in the UMC tradition, do have second jobs to help in their own support (the UMC has many part-time clergy, especially in thus area). Paul pulls out all the stops when he brings in Mosaic law (v 9). The text from Deuteronomy 25:4 is about the humane treatment of animals, but also the broader application is for the way we treat people (slaves at that time). Those that are preparing the food should get some of the harvest bounty (v 10). I wonder if "profit sharing" Plans in large corporations began as a result of this?

If Paul (and Barnabas) planted the spiritual seeds in the city of Corinth and they started the church, shouldn't they also reap some of the benefits (v 11)? They have the right to be supported by the church, because without them (the apostles) there would be no church! Paul does add in a caveat, that if the church is struggling (spiritually, financially) then they shouldn't rely on them for support (v 12). Contrary to all that he says, Paul defends his right not to rely on the church. We see Paul's true heart here. Paid or unpaid, it didn't matter. Paul's mission and goal was the spread of the Gospel. Are pastors today like that- paid or unpaid, the goal is the Gospel?

All of these statements actually comes back to the meat in the temples. If Paul is willing to deny himself the right to salary from the church for the good of the Gospel, then people should deny themselves the "right" to the meat that was offered in the temple (v 13). Big stretch maybe? Paul's closing argument in this set of lines comes with a command from God, "If people are going to work for the Good News, then they should get their pay from it also" (v 14). They are not exact words from Jesus, but the nearest statements Jesus made are found in Matthew 10:10 and Luke 10:8.

Paul tries to sum everything up with, "I have the right to be paid by the church, but I am not taking that right" (v 15). Paul wasn't boasting about his preaching the Gospel, his boasting was that he did it without expense to the church (v 16). His work was something that he was called to do; it wasn't a "job", it was a "career". He felt compelled to teach and preach the Gospel. To be honest- in my career at Little Meadows, I get so much out of teaching and preaching, that in itself is fulfilling enough! Pastors (generally) are in it for the "ultimate" reward, not the immediate reward of money and benefits! Like teaching, we are not in it for the money!

Paul was free to do whatever he wanted, yet he took his freedom to bring people to Christ (v 19).  He could have made more money and fame by continuing to persecute the Christians for Rome. However, his conversion experience told him differently! Paul sought to win people for God by being sensitive to their needs and identifying with them (vv 20-23). He became like the Jews when he talked with the Jews; he became like the Gentiles when he talked with he Gentiles. Do we identify with the people that we are trying to win to Christ? Do we meet people where they are now? Paul didn't change the words or the doctrine, but he changed his mode or style of presentation. Does clergy do  that now?

To close out this chapter, Paul uses an analogy of an athlete (vv 24-27). Sporting events were huge in Paul's time (as they are now!) and especially in Corinth. The city was home to the Isthmian games- second only to the Olympics. When we prepare for God's work, it is like an athlete preparing and training for a competition. We want to win and winning takes preparation! Our entire focus should be God and God's work; the only way to win is to train hard and train often. I sometimes feel like that. Some of my weeks when I am prepping for Sunday worship are like intense training weeks! Do you train like an athlete for God? (This will preach some day!)

I hope you have a good day and I hope that Paul's words are relevant to our lives today!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

 

1 Corinthians 8

 Good morning and welcome back. Sherri  and I had a great weekend in Vermont visiting Morgan and Bobbi-Jo. It was nice to get away for a few days and explore. Sherri and I went to Springfield VT and Hanover NH on Friday for some shopping and fun. Hanover is home to Dartmouth and also part of the Appalachian Trail! Saturday was spent in Quechee VT; there is a beautiful gorge we hiked in and also visited the Vermont Institute of Natural Science Nature Center. They have a great "Forest Canopy Walk" that takes you over 100 feet about the forest floor! Busy but short weekend. I hope you all had as much fun as we did!

Having addressed issues of sexuality, marriage, and singleness, Paul shifts his focus to eating meats and other goods sacrificed to idols (chapters 8 through 10). Typically, meat sacrificed at the pagan altar was divided into three portions: one burnt in honor of the god, one returned to the worshipper, one given to the temple priest (who could sell it at the temple market if he didn't want it).  The questions that arise are: Can Christians buy the meat at the market? Can Christians eat the sacrificed meat? What if they are in the home of a pagan for dinner?

Paul starts with a quick reminder of Christian love and our limited wisdom (vv 1-3). The goal of Christian life is love- not knowledge. Love has a huge impact on our life- building us up into stronger people. 

Christian theology is that there are no gods other than God (v 4); we are monotheistic- only one True God and there are no other competing gods. In pagan culture, there are many, many competing gods. Each one had a temple, and each had specific sacrifices that were required. There was even a god called "the unknown god" with its own temple- this was so that no god was forgotten! We know that there is just one God- our faith and theology rest on that huge principal. In the mind of the Corinthians Christians- if these idols/gods mean nothing- then the meat that was sacrificed to them was ok to eat, since it also means nothing.

Paul offers a different perspective. Some of the Christians had knowledge of the idols and so when they ate the meat, they recognized it as a sacrifice to the god (v 7). These people weren't wrong in their thought process, they just had a different way of thinking. We have all run into that: two different thought processes clashing together! You aren't more spiritual if you don't eat food offered to idols because you know they are nothing; you aren't less spiritual if you eat the meat offered to idols (v 8). It isn't the food that makes us more or less spiritual!

Paul continues by saying your actions may be a stumbling block for someone else who may be "weaker" in faith (vv 9-10). The whole concept here is that we may cause someone to "decrease" their faith in God when they see us doing something. We know that there are no other gods, so they sacrifices mean nothing, so we are OK with eating the meat. Someone else may still be questioning, and when they eat the sacrifice, they then begin believing in that god. We have caused someone to stumble. What are some of the current issues that may cause others to stumble? We need to be careful that we don't pull our brothers or sisters to sin. 

Short chapter but lots to think about!

Have a great day! Going to get ready for VBS!!!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 7

Good morning. What a nice cool morning it is so far! Hope you all had a good and cool yesterday...today promises to be hotter yet! Sherri and I are off to Vermont to see Morgan and Bobbi-Jo; slightly cooler there! We should be back Saturday night. I will not be posting anything tomorrow (Friday); sorry...I know how you all wait with bated breath for my wise words! (J.K.)

Great discussion about "looking but no touching"! Like I mentioned in one response, if we are all created in God's image then we should all be good looking- right?! Is it like appreciating good art? Not to trivialize it, but we all are masterpieces of art!

Paul changes his attention here to issues in the church that people had written him about. He tackles some sensitive issues- starting with marriage-- well more like sexuality in marriage (that's a surprise for Paul!?).  The conversation may get uncomfortable, but we are all friends!  Some translations use the word "touch" (v 1); by "touch",  Paul is referring to sexuality. Paul's take is that celibacy- even in marriage- is much better than any sex. His view is that sexuality is such a great temptation, that even in marriage it may lead to adultery or other sexual impurity! Paul goes on to say that if you must marry- you should be monogamous (vv 2-3)-- I think we would all agree with that! My translation says that the two in a couple must give their spouse "all that they owe them" (v 3). I'm not sure if I like that word "owe"; some translations use the word "due them." The point being, we should respect our partners. Note that it a two-way street...both partners are to give to the other. One isn't superior to the other! Paul touches more on this in v 4; both share each other's body. Somewhat in contrast to what he said earlier, Paul then goes on to stay abstinence isn't good- as Satan is waiting for that to happen so that the tempter can work his "magic." When we deny or deprave physical attraction or intimacy, we are cheating our partners. Any thoughts? Comments? God makes it clear that there is nothing wrong, and there is everything good, about sexuality in marriage. Satan loves it when there is "issues" with sexuality in marriage, that's when Satan can work in temptation! Paul adds the benefit of being single as she is now (v 7). There is some thought that Paul was once married; it is almost a Jewish "requirement" to be wed. Men unmarried by age 20 were basically considered "not real men" and "probably would not make it to  heaven"! We're not sure what happened to his wife.

Paul continues wit his commentary. If you can't be celibate and sexually pure...then you are better to get married (v 9). For Paul, marriage is a better alternative than temptation. I guess that's an OK thing! How would the wife feel in this case? And notice that it seems like the male is the one that is with impure thoughts!

Now to a tough subject- divorce. Remember- this is a question from the church people. If both partners are Christian- than divorce is off the table (v 10). We have talked about this before, and in my opinion, there are some times when divorce is better than staying together. Thoughts? If divorce happens- then the people should stay unmarried forever after. This, like the last section, is a two-way street. Both husband and wife are held to the same high standards. The same rules seem to hold true for a Christian married to a non-believer (vv 12- 14). The Christian is not to break the marriage covenant. The non-believer can become holy through the faith of the Christian in the relationship. God is at work even in these "mixed" marriages. However, the non-believer can end the marriage, and it is as if it never happened (vv 15-16). 

No matter what your situation is- married, single, divorced, widowed, remarried, whatever- God can and will continue to work through you (v 17). The idea of circumcision comes up (again- surprise!). We all know Paul's thoughts...if it wasn't done- it doesn't need to be done (vv 18-19). God loves all people just the same! Paul uses another example- slavery (vv 20-24). And again, the take home message is God loves you just the way you are.

Paul bounces back to the marriage debate. If you're single- stay that way; if you're married- stay that way (vv 25- 27). Paul feels that it is better to stay single, but doesn't condemn the married people.

Paul begins to comment on end times...the time is near (vv 29-31). Some treat Paul as a false prophet by saying these words (the end is near), but he was repeating what Christ was saying. Paul is emphasizing trust in God and work for God in these verses. We are to act as if the world is ending and we have so much work to do. It would be better if we weren't married, so we had more time to do God's work. Husbands take time away from wives; wives take time away from husbands. Time that we could be spending doing for God.

The next few lines are confusing (vv 36- 38).  Parents are responsible for arranging marriages for their children. The question being answered here is, Can a Christian parent recommend celibacy for their child? Given what Paul has said about marriage, it is not wrong for a Christian parent to arrange a marriage for their child, but celibacy is a good option too and it should not be looked down upon. 

Finally- a Christian woman has the right to marry a Christian man if her first husband dies (v 39); however, Paul thinks she will be happier if she stays single (v 40). And he is probably correct on that! (J.K.). Again, Paul affirms celibacy because then the person will be more focused on God. 

This chapter had lots of discussion points, but the overall theme seems to be stay focused on God!

Can we? Do we?

Have a great weekend.

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 6

What a beautiful day yesterday! Helped a neighbor plow several acres of field for planting (eventually) clover, radish, and turnips for deer food plots. It was fun to be on the tractor for a few hours...nothing to think about but just drive! 

I hope you had a chance to get out and enjoy the day...not too bad. Today may be a different story! Really warm today so stay inside as much as you can! 

 Paul takes another strong stance in this next case. Apparently one Christian felt they were wronged by another of the faith and decided to have the case heard in court. The issue that Paul brings up is that the judges were not Christians, so the people had no right to take the case to them. Paul argues that because of our destiny, we are able to judge cases brought to the church (v 2). Paul says that we will even be judging the angels (v 3)! I'm not so sure of that! Are there evil angels that need to be judged? Are there? Paul essentially says that these matters should be taken up by members of the church. What do you think about that? Paul talks about how wise the Corinthians think they are, but then they go and do something like this (vv 5-6)! How would you feel hearing a case between two people in your church?

If you are truly Christian, you should try to work things out on your own and not get the courts involved. The fact that the Corinthians already have several cases that have been tried by the courts says that they have failed in their faith (v 7)! It is better to be wronged than to defend your "rights" at the expense of God's glory. Use the church system is was Paul is saying!

Christians certainly shouldn't be doing wrong, but to do wrong to another Christian is even worse than that (v 8)! I can almost hear Paul saying; "How can you do that?! Don't you know how bad that is?! Come on people!" The man that did wrong is in the class of all the other sinners (v 10+). We can talk about the list and what's in there...but... Anyway, God's great work in each of us is described in three terms: washed, sanctified (made holy), and justified (made right). That's quite a process! Do you feel washed, sanctified, and justified?

Paul has brought up sexuality in the last two sections, and he continues here in this section. I hope you're ready! Paul reminds them that just because something is legal, it doesn't mean you should do it (v 12). Think about that...just because something is legal doesn't make it something you should do! Any "for examples"? Paul especially wants the people to know and recognize that some things will make them a slave unto them (food, drugs, etc...). That's what the people need to be mindful of. V 13 may need some explaining: The Corinthians were probably justifying rampant sexuality with this statement (v 13). My body wants food so I eat, my body wants sex, so I have sex. Sounds logical- right? But, Paul states that he body is for God and should not be defiled. If we are part of Christ, and Christ is pure, then we should never join our body (and then by extension, Christ's body) with a prostitute. Sex is defined as between two monogamous people forever; there is no "casual sex" in the Bible. The two people are united as one in that moment. Any discussion?!

Paul saya (v 18) "Run away from sexual impurity!" Sounds quite urgent! And its specifically sexual impurity- not sex...there's a difference. Paul doesn't say that sexual impurity is a greater sin than others- it just affects us differently...body and mind and soul. Just a quick giggle (?): It is said that Augustine had difficulty keeping sexually pure. This is supposedly one reason why it took him so long to begin following God. It is said that he would pray often, "God, make me pure-- just not yet." He did turn his life over to God and several years later, he visited a town on a business trip. He happened to see one of his lady friends and she came running, arms outstretched, yelling his name. He saw that, turned the other way, and began to run. She yelled, "Why are you running? It is me!" He returned with "I am running because I am not me!" Not sure if it is a true story- but that will preach some day!

Paul closes with the reminder that our bodies are temples...holy places that should not be defiled. Also in that temple is where God is living. Do you feel God living in you?

Some interesting words on an interesting topic form Paul! Hope you enjoyed it!

Stay cool today!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 5

 Busy day yesterday. In addition to processing, Sherri did some looking at "Refabulous Finds" for some bar stools for Morgan and Bobbi-Jo and a set of kitchen chairs for Lauren. Came home empty handed (surprise) but I have a feeling she will be going back!

Lauren and Chris and Joseph came back. The house is loud again! I missed the sounds of him running and playing ball with the dogs!

And on to today's passage...

Uh oh...Paul confronts more troubles in the Corinthian church! Someone is having some extra-martial meetings- and even the pagans and the Gentiles won't do what this person is doing (v 1)! Can you imagine being the one called out for this! Yikes! Apparently, someone is having an affair with their mother or step- mother (their father's wife. To make matters worse, the person involved seems to be proud of it and is announcing to to the group (v 2)! The Christians don't seem upset by this activity, and that has Paul as upset as the activity itself! Paul's solution was to have the person excommunicated, but the Corinthians didn't do that, they kept him as a friend. Leviticus 18:8 specifically forbids this type of activity, yet the church doesn't seem upset. Have you been faced with really sinful information about someone? What did you do? The Corinthians may have been thinking "Look how loving we are, we even accepted him!" Would we accept him? Paul judges harshly, condemning the person to Satan (v 5). Paul's solution is to kick the person out of the church. Paul's judgement seems hash- but he isn't judging the man by any other standard; Paul would be expected to be judged by the same standard. Delivering the person to Satan would hopefully get rid of his sinful self yet keep his spiritual body. The hope is to restore the lost soul. What would you suggest we do to this person?

Paul comments on the proud behavior of the Corinthians...they were proud that they could overlook this man's sin. But, Paul say, this is just opening the door to more and more sin in the church (v 6). If they are willing to overlook this such egregious sin, what else are they overlooking?! Paul says to get rid of the bad (the yeast) and focus on the good (Passover lamb). The yeast, as we have mentioned before, is symbolic of sin and ruining goodness. We are to live in the purity of the Passover lamb.

Paul refers to an earlier letter (v 9), but we have no evidence of that letter! Many letters were written between apostles and churches and many are lost; this happens to be one of the lost letters that Paul is referencing! Paul is essentially saying not to expect Godly behavior from those that are ungodly (vv 10-11).  Without approving of their sin, we should strive to live with them and correct them. Sin was (and still is) prevalent in the world; to not associate with sin would mean to live an isolated, monastic life. Paul challenges that saying we need to live with the sin of the world, we should expect it. In the same light- we should expect Christian behavior from the Christians in the world; we should expect goodness from our Christian brothers and sisters. How true is that?

Paul tells the people to worry more about what's going on inside the church rather than on what's going on outside the church (vv 12-13). People were so concerned about the outside world they were overlooking the issues of the church! Do we do that- pay more attention to the outside world that we overlook the issues within our church? Paul is essentially saying that we should be calling out the sins within our church before we call out the sins of the outside world. Do we do that? Can we do that? 

Some powerful words from Paul (as per usual!) that we can certainly learn from.

Have a good day- stay inside and stay cool!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 4

 Good afternoon! Late start today...Sherri and I were processing some of our harvest from the last few days. Dill beans, zucchini relish, squash pickles, and a few other things. Busy morning and there is still more to process. Doing breaded patty pan squash later today for parmigiana this winter!! Tomatoes are lacking this year but other vegetables are doing well!

It has been a quiet weekend. Lauren and Chris and Joseph went to visit family and friends in Saratoga area this weekend. It seems strange not having Joseph running around all the time...and it is so quiet! Sherri and I went out to Tony's in Endicott; first dinner out since they came to live with us. That was strange too! They should be back tomorrow. 

Thanks for all your comments and thoughts. Paul's writing is difficult to understand at times, but by your comments, I know that (for the most part) we are getting the ideas he is proposing. These last few chapters have been tough, and he continues today. The essence is that we need to be focused on God, not the worship/ religious leaders. They are there to plants the seeds and get things growing, but it is God that is in control of the growth. Sherri and I watched "Stargirl" on Disney+ this weekend. It is a story about a teenage boy, Leo, that falls in love with a teenage girl, Stargirl. Definitely a teen movie, coming of age type thing, but there are some deep philosophical points that are made- some very "preachable" moments. Anyway, one of the quotes Stargirl ( Grace VanderWaal) says is, "You plant a seed in the ground and a whole world develops and stretches out and opens up." I think  it works for what Paul is saying- we can plant the seeds but God develops that seed into something great!

This chapter is focused on the apostles and disciples of Christ. People in Corinth tended to look down on Paul and the other apostles and they didn't really recognize the apostolic authority that they had. Paul, in this chapter, outlines the job of the apostles and how they should be treated, not as lesser people, but certainly not as elevated people either. They are servants of God, doing the work God has requested of them (v 1).  They were selected by God as messengers based on their faith and goodness (v 2). 

Although Paul is upset with the way he is judged by the Corinthians, he says it really doesn't matter- because God is the one that is approving or disapproving of Paul's work (v 3). That should be the same for us, right? It shouldn't matter what people say about us, it is God that we should be striving to please and do work for. Do we do work for God or for the approval of people? Paul even says he doesn't judge himself! That is hard to do. I am super critical of myself- especially when it comes to delivering the Sunday message. There are times when I say to myself as I drive home, "Well, that was a disaster!" But, someone (or a few) will send positive comments! Why are we so hard on ourselves? Look at Paul's former life, his persecution of the Christians, but he doesn't look at that; he looks at who he is now and how he is doing God's work. 

Paul's hope is that the Corinthians will put biblical thinking into their standards for "excellence" rather than societal standards (v 6). People today judge pastors (right?!). I think we are especially being judged on our humor, dress, appearance, "marketing" skill rather than some of the more biblical ideas. The Christians of Corinth tended to have a higher view of themselves than of the non-Christians. Paul basically says you're really no different than others (both Christian and non). How do you view "non-Christians" or even other Christians? What we have is a gift from God- we shouldn't be proud of that, we should be grateful and thankful for that. We are not because of our accomplishments, but we are because of God's grace (v 7).

Paul gets a little snarky here in the next few verses, calling out the Corinthians for thinking thy are "all that and more"! He isn't doing it to hurt them, he is doing it to shake them a little and "knock some sense into them". "Well, well, you Corinthians are so great- you are all at the status of Kings, while us apostles are on the bottom of the barrel. We are like the losers at the coliseum, ready to be attacked by the lions because we are so lost" (vv 8-9). Paul continues to slam the Corinthians, drawing very sarcastic comparisons between the Corinthians and the apostles (vv 10-11). How do people view "apostles" (preachers) today?

Paul continues with a description of his ministry. Wondering where his next meal will come from, moving from town to town with no real home, potential for persecution and beatings, striving to make a living when they can (vv 11- 13). Ministry is a real cost. Is this the ministry today?

Paul issues a warning and challenge next. After hearing this, the Corinthians probably felt some shame as to how they were treating Paul and the other apostles. His comment is about pride and the effects of being too proud. Some clarification is needed next. The term "teacher" or "instructor" (v 15) comes from the word paidagogoi-- a guardian who escorted children to and from school (like a school bus driver); they had some authority over the children, but not like the rabbi or "father" had-- they were the primary educators. Paul is primary educator, selected by God. While we can take people to God, we don't have control over their life. We do like control though, don't we! Timothy is coming to help get the church back on the right tracks, and Paul tells the Corinthians that he is worthy of their respect and attention. 

Paul next issues a challenge. Remember, Paul is in Ephesus writing this letter. Some people, the very proud, think that Paul is writing this letter because he is too afraid to come to Corinth (v 18). The more they believed that, the more proud they became! The more puffed out their chests were. Ahh, Paul says, but I am coming (v 19)! Paul is coming to "burst their bubble." Paul can come with a rod of correction or a heart of love- what do they want (v 21)? It has to be tough for Paul, how to confront sin without being to harsh- without looking like he is above sin; how to get people to focus on God and change their lives- without looking too judgmental. Have you found that balance in these situations?

This is some tough work, but with guidance from the Holy Spirit, it can be done.

Have a great day. Stay cool! Summer is back for a few days!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

 

1 Corinthians 3

 Another foggy but beautiful morning today! Yesterday was a great day and today will be too! We had a special dinner yesterday...Original's Pizza in Hickories Park! Joseph loved trying to feed a squirrel that kept coming around!

Today's chapter Paul really slams the Corinthians for they way they are believing in people rather than in God. He begins immediately with calling them brothers and sisters (indicating a holy relationship with them), yet says he cant' talk to them like spiritual people- they are missing something! They are followers of God (brothers and sisters) and have the Holy Spirit, yet don't act  like it! Do we know people like that? In some translations, he uses the word "carnal people" (fleshy people, of the flesh rather than of the spirit). He has to speak to them as though they were babies- people without the Spirit. These "carnal Christians" think and act according to the flesh, not the Spirit. The flesh doesn't dominate, but is significant in their lives. Paul keeps his teachings simple (milk, v 2) even though they thought they were ready for more intense (solid food, v 2) theology. The methods we teach children is different than the way we teach adults. The concepts can be the same, but the mode is different. God wasn't preventing the teaching, they were not able to take the food. Can you think of people that think they are ready for "solid food" but are really only able to consume "milk"?

Paul then explains why. There is jealousy, fighting, envy, divisions and strife within the group. The Corinthians thought they were spiritual, yet their actions said they weren't. I think we all know people like that! The carnal people think they are following God, but the divisions come when they seem to take more identity from their teachers (Paul, Apollos, v 4). Paul and Apollos are not the important people to believe in-- God is! Christian "workers" have different job. Some people are there to plant the seeds of faith, some are there to water the seeds, some are there to tend the plants (v 6).  God is the one that causes the growth and development though. Planting and watering don't make the plant grow, only God can do that (vv 7-8). All workers are necessary for the actions of God to be fruitful; one action is not more or less important than another.

Paul continues with another analogy. Using the different gifts we have is like the different construction workers that build a house or other structure. Paul was there to lay the foundation; a home needs a strong foundation on which to build. Paul provided that (v 10) through Jesus. Each person in the church adds to that foundation with their gifts. Some people (v 13) add to that foundation with strong materials (stone, gold, silver, precious jewels); some people add to that foundation with weaker products (hay, straw, grass). Everything may look well and good, yet when the fires of testing come (v 13), it will be obvious who placed the strong materials. The faithful v the unfaithful. It isn't the amount of work, it is the quality of the materials, the strength of the faith. I am sure we know people that build with stone and others that build with straw!

Paul deepens the context by calling people temples of God (v 16). The temple was a place where God resided and Paul is commenting that God lives within us. Defiling self means to defile God. Defiling self means defiling God. The glory we are to give goes to God, not to the people around us (Apollos, Paul, Peter); the people around us are important and they are the reason we are in the place we are- but the credit goes to God. The Corinthians were beginning to worship the people rather than God; they were looking to their leaders as the sources of wisdom, not God. The point is that we should be looking to the ultimate source of wisdom and power- God...not the purveyor of that message. Do we sometimes do that- credit the person rather than God?

Some interesting and relevant topics for us today in this chapter. You can really tell Paul is quite frustrated with the Corinthians and their method of following leaders rather than God. I am sure that part of that frustration comes from Paul wondering what happened from when he left them a few years ago after starting the church! What did happen? 

Have a great weekend- looks like its going to be a great one!

Peace+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 2

 Good morning! Rise and Shine! Hope all is well and that you had some time to get outside and (like my mom used to say to us kids), "Get the stink blown off you!" Another beautiful day yesterday!

Yesterday was my lectionary group. I have been attending the last several weeks. The group is 8 people, some clergy, some laity, some Methodist, some other denominations, one person speaks and reads Hebrew, Greek, and Latin! We sit and discuss the Gospel reading for the week and whatever else happens to come up. I really enjoy this group and gives me something for my mind to chew on! It is interesting, like with this group, to hear people's comments and thoughts on the readings.

One of the topics that came up yesterday at lectionary, and was also a topic many of you brought up, as did Paul- was the division in the church. We all know the divisions that occur and we all can see the split that is happening (or has happened) in our nation. The challenge we have is to bring everyone back together again. How can we do that? Is it possible? Tensions and emotions run deep. One thing to help, like Paul talks about in this second chapter, is to rely on God and God's wisdom! A very timely piece of scripture for us to read!

Paul reminds the people of Corinth that when he came to visit initially (remember, Acts 18, he stayed with Priscilla and Aquila for a year or so while he started the church), he didn't come as a salesperson or philosopher, he came as a witness to the power of God through Christ (vv 1-2). His emphasis was on Christ and the crucifixion and resurrection. Paul wasn't too confident in his teaching ability (v 3), but he kept focus on Jesus and relied on the wisdom of God. Often times, preachers get in the way of the Gospel- Paul didn't want that to happen. Do you know people that "get in the way" of the Gospel by their words?

Paul references those who are "mature" (v 6). By this, he is addressing the ones that have made a commitment to Christ, those that are mature in faith. Those that are immature, like a baby or toddler, will put anything into their mouth (Paul will address this later); those that are mature will be able to discern "man's wisdom" from "God's wisdom". As you know, Joseph is living with us; he is 118 months old and becoming "mature" in the sense of putting things in his mouth. But there are times that everything goes in! The reference to the "rulers of this age" (v 6) is up for debate-  does Paul mean the actual rulers or is Paul referencing the power of evil? Either way- Paul says they are losing their power and their defeat is certain and sure. 

Before the life and ministry of Jesus, God's people had a basic understanding of God's glory and what it could do for the people (vv 9-10). They couldn't really fully grasp or understand it though until Christ came to show. Do we fully get it now? Paul relies heavily on the presence of the Holy Spirit here (v 10). Human wisdom and knowledge is no comparison to what the Spirit can show us. Is the Holy Spirit alive and rich in us? Do we rely on the Holy Spirit for guidance and understanding? Every believer has received the Holy Spirit (v 12), and that is what allows us to begin to understand the greatness of God. We do not all equally understand but we all have the abilities to begin our quest for understanding. Do  you feel the presence of the Holy Spirit and the wisdom it gives us? With the presence and wisdom of the Holy Spirit, we are then able to go out and explain and discuss and share our knowledge with others. In contrast, Paul talks about the "natural man" (v 14). The person that does not have the Spirit resists the teachings and conversations of the "spiritual people" and their life is bounded by material things. The focus of the natural man is on money, work, accumulating things, enjoying the immediate; they don't have the insight of the life to come. Why waste time on spiritual things when you can be living in the now?! Are the people you know, in your church, in your life-- more natural or more spiritual? Can you see the difference?

The point of this chapter is to focus on God, Jesus, and the Spirit. Paul richly describes and defines the Trinity. The major emphasis is the Spirt- do you have it? Do you want it? Can you share it?

Do you? Can you?

In tomorrow's chapter, Paul really slams the people of Corinth in the way that they are immature and divisive in following their leaders. It is an interesting read!

Have a great day. Lots of work to do today at the Reed home!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians 1

 Good morning! Another great day yesterday! We certainly have been blessed with some beautiful days this last week. This is the kind of summer I like! 

Thank you for all your thoughts and concerns for Sherri and Joseph. He is much better and doing well; Sherri still struggling with things! It continues to be rough for her.

We had a morning visitor this morning! Not the best image but momma and her baby stopped by for a morning snack!

We jump back into Paul's theology for the next several weeks. Remember all that he talked about in his other epistles- it will come back here again!

Paul opens in the typical fashion of the day- who is the letter from is the first statement. Our letters (for those who remember what letter writing was) open with who the letter is to. As I mentioned in the introduction, this is probably Paul's second letter to the church in Corinth; the first one was lost. He is writing from Ephesus probably around 55AD; he, Silas, and Timothy started the Corinthian church a few years prior to this letter. Paul is sure to mention his credentials, "Called to be an apostle" (v 1), but he was not one of the original twelve; Paul will talk more about being an apostle on chapter 15. Paul is writing this letter with the hand of Sosthenes, his amanuensis (paid scribe).

The Greek word "ekklesiai" means church which is an assembly of people gathered for a specific person. In contemporary times, "church" refers to the religious gathering, back in the day- it wasn't specifically for religion, so thus the "church of God" identifier (v 2). Quick reminder- Corinth was a city of raucous and lewd living, sexual immorality and partying (so "bad") with a church of God (so "good"). We immediately begin to sense the tension between the church and the city that underlies this entire letter.

Paul opens with his prayer for Corinth (v 4+), later he will rebuke and call out their sins, but for now, he reminds them he is thankful for all they have done for God. Paul comments about their joy and love for God as evidenced in their speaking and teaching. Do we see that religious zeal in today's church? Sure they had issues (don't we all), but they had many positives (do we all?).

Paul begins with the first issue- divisiveness (v 10). Hmmm....is Paul writing to us in the current United States (or the current United Methodist Church)? Paul "begs" the church to agree and not be split into groups. The original Greek word is "schismata" (our English word schism) and meant to rend or tear apart (not just split). As we tear each other apart- we also tear apart the body of Christ.

Chloe (v 11) had a business (unknown type) that caused her people to travel between Ephesus and Corinth, and when they were in Ephesus, they sought out Paul and mentioned to him the issues going on in Corinth. There started to be different groups of people that were following different leaders in the church (Paul, Apollos, Peter, Christ). It is OK to like hearing one person more than another (minster, teacher, etc) but it shouldn't cause division in the group. Do we see that today- factions based on following someone over another? The cliques ignore the diversity that is in Christ; the ability of Christ to bring all people together- not to separate them! For Paul, preaching was more important than baptizing (vv 14-17). Some people identified with him because he baptized them, but Paul comments that he isn't that special. It would be like the people that I have baptized while at Little Meadows lift me up high (maybe even higher than Christ) and begin to follow me more than following Jesus. The person doing the baptism doesn't affect the validity of the event...it is all in God's doing!

Paul next comments about how the perishing see the cross and how the saved see the cross (v 18). To those who reject the cross- the idea of salvation through a crucified man is foolish; to those who trust in it, the cross becomes the power of God. Hearing and trusting the gospel will add the power of God to your life. People (Jews) wanted signs about Jesus' messiahship; others (Greeks) wanted wisdom at the expense of God (v 22). Paul doesn't do any of that (v 23); Paul gives them God which provides a crucified Messiah- an oxymoron. How can a Messiah (Christ, savior, power) be crucified (weakness, defeat, humiliation)? The Jews see a crucified Christ as a stumbling block; the Greeks see a crucified Christ as foolishness; to those that believe in a crucified Christ, God gave salvation.

Paul then turns the tables and says to the Corinthians, "look at yourselves" (v 26). You're nothing special, you're not greater than others- but God chose you (v 27). God chose you! We have said this many times in many different situations- God calls the lowly, the humble, the weak, the (fill in the blank), the whatever. It is God's work and love through us that makes us be the people that we are. It is God's grace and mercy that define our existence. It is the focus we have on Christ (God's gift to us) that gives us our redemption, our salvation. It is our righteousness (legally "not guilty") through Christ that allows for our sanctification (our behavior) and our redemption. None of this is because of what we do, but through what God does in and through us. So if you want to brag- brag about God (v 31)! Do we brag about God?

Some good words from Paul this morning. Some things for us to think about- especially the divisions that are happening. How can the church help mend the brokenness?

Have a great day! More tomorrow!

Peace+
Pastor Paul

1 Corinthians- An Introduction

 In New Testament times, modern-day Greece was divided into two Roman provinces- Macedonia and Achaia. Thessalonica was the capital of Macedonia; Corinth was the capital of Achaia. Corinth, one of the largest and most prosperous cities of the ancient world was about 50 miles away from Athens.

Paul stayed in Corinth with Aquila and Priscilla, about 18 months (from Acts) on his second missionary journey. There he evangelized with Silas and Timothy and planted the church in Corinth. This was between 50 and 55AD. The most accurate dating of the first letter to the Corinthians is 53 to 57AD, while he was in Ephesus. 

This first letter is most well known for its individual passages: the book that gets read at weddings (chapter 13) or the book about speaking in tongues (chapters 12 and 14). The book is filled with advice for general church issues- denominational politics, doctrinal disputes, liturgical preferences (very similar to today!). Although this is called the first letter to the church, we think that he may have written one more to the church prior to this one; so 1 Corinthians is actually the second letter and 2 Corinthians is sometimes seen as Paul's fourth letter to the church. The others have been lost. 

Paul tackles some big themes in this letter: church unity, the crucified Christ, resurrection of the body, Christian freedom, the Lord's Supper, excommunication, sexuality, food sacrificed to idols, love, and spiritual gifts. This very practical letter (along with Romans, which is more theoretical) is one of his greatest works.

Paul likely wrote this letter with help from Sosthenes, an amanuensis (someone hired to write for someone else, a scribe). After writing and sending this letter, he visits Corinth again and ends up writing at least one other letter (some say maybe up to three other letters were written after this first one). He eventually returns again and spends quite a bit of time in Corinth; it is from here that he writes to the Roman Christians and warns "keep an eye on those who cause dissensions and offenses" (Romans 16:17), probably in reference to Corinth!

This will be an interesting but tough to follow read!

(source: Introducing the New Testament, Mark Allan Powell, 2009)

Matthew 28

 Good morning! What a nice one we are being blessed with!

Joseph is much better and Sherri is getting there. She is working form home today, so she can rest when she needs to. This has really knocked her down! Thanks for your thoughts and concerns. 

Today is our final chapter of Matthew and we begin 1 Corinthians tomorrow. This final chapter does give us hope and faith!

One of the points I was making in my last message in our miracles series was that the women (or others) didn't believe that Jesus would rise form the dead as He said He would. If they did believe, they wouldn't have gone to prepare the body for burial! We begin in the darkness of morning...Matthew's idea of the darkness of humanity at the death of Christ. Mary Magdalene and the other Mary (possibly Jesus' mother) come to embalm the body and make final preparations for burial.  The earthquake (noted only in Matthew, v 2) happens before the women arrive- was it the angel moving the stone away? Did there need to be an angel to move the stone or could the resurrected Jesus have done it? The women arrive and the angel is sitting on top of the large stone.

The guards shook with fear (v 4). Were they afraid of the angels? Aren't angels friendly beings? How would we react if  we saw an angel?

For the first time, the women- devout followers of Jesus, heard words they didn't expect to hear, "Jesus is not here, He is risen!" (v 6). Imagine their shock! And then the angles continue with, "He told you so!" Why didn't they believe? Do we believe? They are invited to look into the tomb- is that why the stone was rolled away? The stone would have prevented the women from seeing the empty tomb. What prevents us from seeing the empty tomb? Is there a stone that needs to be rolled away?

Following the angel's instructions, the women run quickly away and are the first to publicly proclaim the resurrected Jesus. Women have always had an integral role in the ministry of Jesus and this is just one of the great examples of that. These women were the first evangelists of the Risen Christ...not the disciples, not the religious authority, not the Romans- it was the women!

As they leave to tell the others, they happen to run into Jesus. His words, "Rejoice!" What else could he say to them?! The women fall to worship- an hour or so before, their world was all but over. They were going to embalm and bury their closest friend. Now He is alive! Imagine their joy! Jesus reiterates what the angles said (v 10)- "I'm on my way to Galilee- I will meet you there. Tell they guys!"

The guards back at the tomb finally awaken from their fainting spell. Imagine their shock! Wait? What? He's gone? Oh man, now what are we going to do? We gotta' go tell someone! (v 11). They do- and the cover-up begins. Imagine what the Romans and the religious authority are thinking now?! Oh man, He is gone! We have to stop this story before all heck breaks loose! The cover-up shows the truth of the resurrection and their denial of it at the same time. The disciples get the blame for stealing the body. "And that story is still spread among the Jewish people even to this day" (v 15). Some people do not believe in the crucifixion and resurrection. Their thought is that Jesus fainted on the cross, was removed, and then revived later in the night. Others say he did die, but his body was stolen. Like I said in my last Miracles message, "Dead is dead...right?" and I also followed up with the line, "Yah...but..." It is almost impossible believing in resurrection. Dead is dead. I am a biologist by training. Dead is dead. When things die, they die. End of story. No questions. Dead is dead. So there had to be another reason why the body wasn't there! "Yah...but...!"

Post-resurrection visions of Jesus vary between the Gospels. In Matthew's interpretation, Jesus meets the followers in Galilee at their pre-determined meeting place. It must have been a secret place, since there is no indication other than "the mountain" (v 16). All worshiped- some believed, some struggled with their belief (like people today in our churches). They then receive the apostolic commission, "Go!" (v 19). Think of the people Jesus told this to, their imperfections, their doubts, their fears, the sordid past, the pre-Jesus life. And yet, Jesus says "Go!". Now look at us....our imperfections, our doubts, our fears, our sordid past, our pre-Jesus life. And yet Jesus says to us, "Go!"

The caveat being, "I will be with you always" (v 20). Always!

Are we prepared to Go!? Are we cognizant of Jesus with us...always?!

Always!

Go!

I love that final command from Jesus...Go!

What a great ending! 

Remember- tomorrow we begin 1 Corinthians. I will hopefully post an introduction later today during nap time!

Shalom+
Pastor Paul